# Print Hello World
print("Hello, World!")

# Variables
name = "Python"
age = 30
height = 5.9
is_active = True

# Data Types
text = str("Hello")
number = int(42)
decimal = float(3.14)
boolean = bool(True)

# String methods
text = "Hello World"
print(text.upper())        # HELLO WORLD
print(text.lower())        # hello world
print(text.replace("World", "Python"))  # Hello Python
print(text.split())        # ['Hello', 'World']
print(len(text))           # 11

# String formatting
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I'm {age} years old")

# Lists (mutable)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")
fruits.insert(1, "grape")
fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits[0])  # apple

# Tuples (immutable)
coordinates = (10, 20)
x, y = coordinates  # unpacking
print(f"X: {x}, Y: {y}")

# Print statements
print("Hello World")
print(f"My name is {name}")
print("Age:", age)

# User input
user_name = input("Enter your name: ")
user_age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

# Single line comment

"""
Multi-line comment
This is a docstring
"""

'''
Another way to write
multi-line comments
'''

# If-elif-else
age = 18
if age >= 18:
  print("Adult")
elif age >= 13:
  print("Teenager")
else:
  print("Child")

# Ternary operator
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

# For loop
for i in range(5):
  print(i)

for fruit in ["apple", "banana"]:
    print(fruit)

for i, value in enumerate(["a", "b", "c"]):
    print(f"{i}: {value}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 5:
  print(count)
  count += 1

# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
even_squares = [x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

# Loop control
for i in range(10):
    if i == 3:
        continue
    if i == 7:
        break
    print(i)

try:
  result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
  print("Cannot divide by zero!")
except Exception as e:
  print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
else:
  print("No errors occurred")
finally:
  print("This always executes")

# Basic if-else
age = 18
if age >= 18:
    print("Adult")
elif age >= 13:
    print("Teenager")
else:
    print("Child")

# Ternary operator
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

# Multiple conditions
if age >= 18 and age <= 65:
    print("Working age")

# Basic function
def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
  return f"{greeting}, {name}!"

# Function with default parameters
def greet_with_title(name, title="Mr."):
    return f"Hello, {title} {name}!"

# Lambda function
square = lambda x: x**2
print(square(5))  # 25

# Function with *args and **kwargs
def flexible_func(*args, **kwargs):
  print(f"Args: {args}")
  print(f"Kwargs: {kwargs}")

# Simple decorator
def timer_decorator(func):
  def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
      import time
      start = time.time()
      result = func(*args, **kwargs)
      end = time.time()
      print(f"Function took {end - start:.4f} seconds")
      return result
  return wrapper

@timer_decorator
def slow_function():
  import time
  time.sleep(1)
  return "Done"

# Dictionary operations
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
person["job"] = "Engineer"  # Add key
print(person.get("age", 0))  # Safe access
print(person.keys())         # dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city', 'job'])
print(person.values())       # dict_values(['Alice', 30, 'New York', 'Engineer'])

# Dictionary comprehension
squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}

# Set operations
set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}

print(set1.union(set2))        # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
print(set1.intersection(set2)) # {3, 4}
print(set1.difference(set2))   # {1, 2}

# Set comprehension
even_set = {x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0}

# List creation and operations
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# List methods
fruits.append("orange")
fruits.insert(1, "grape")
fruits.remove("banana")
fruits.pop()

# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
evens = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]

# Reading files
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:
  content = file.read()
  lines = file.readlines()

# Writing files
with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
  file.write("Hello, World!")
  file.writelines(["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n"])

# JSON operations
import json
data = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
with open('data.json', 'w') as file:
  json.dump(data, file, indent=2)
with open("data.json", "r") as file:
    loaded_data = json.load(file)

# Standard library
import os
import sys
import datetime
import random
import math

# Usage examples
current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
random_number = random.randint(1, 100)
current_directory = os.getcwd()
square_root = math.sqrt(16)

# Popular third-party libraries
import requests
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# HTTP request
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
data = response.json()

import numpy as np

# Create arrays
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

# Array operations
print(arr * 2)           # [2 4 6 8 10]
print(np.mean(arr))      # 3.0
print(np.max(arr))       # 5
print(arr.reshape(5, 1)) # Reshape array

import pandas as pd

# Create DataFrame
data = {'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
      'Age': [25, 30, 35],
      'City': ['NYC', 'LA', 'Chicago']}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# DataFrame operations
print(df.head())
print(df.describe())
print(df[df['Age'] > 25])  # Filter rows
print(df.groupby('City')['Age'].mean())  # Group by

import requests

# GET request
response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/users/octocat')
data = response.json()
print(f"Status: {response.status_code}")

# POST request
payload = {'key': 'value'}
response = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', json=payload)

# Headers and parameters
headers = {'Authorization': 'Bearer token'}
params = {'page': 1, 'limit': 10}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)

import re

# Match a pattern
pattern = r"\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}"
text = "My number is 123-45-6789."
match = re.search(pattern, text)
if match:
    print("Found:", match.group())

# Find all matches
numbers = re.findall(r"\d+", "There are 24 apples and 17 oranges.")
print(numbers)  # ['24', '17']

# Replace with regex
result = re.sub(r"apples", "bananas", "I like apples.")
print(result)  # I like bananas.

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
      self.name = name
      self.age = age
      self._private_var = "hidden"
  
  def introduce(self):
      return f"Hi, I'm {self.name} and I'm {self.age} years old"
  
  @property
  def adult(self):
      return self.age >= 18
  
  @staticmethod
  def species():
      return "Homo sapiens"

# Usage
person = Person("Alice", 25)
print(person.introduce())

class Animal:
  def __init__(self, name):
      self.name = name
  
  def speak(self):
      pass

class Dog(Animal):
  def speak(self):
      return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
  def speak(self):
      return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

# Usage
dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
print(dog.speak())  # Buddy says Woof!

# Generator function
def fibonacci_generator(n):
  a, b = 0, 1
  for _ in range(n):
      yield a
      a, b = b, a + b

# Generator expression
squares_gen = (x**2 for x in range(10))

# Usage
fib = fibonacci_generator(5)
for num in fib:
  print(num)  # 0, 1, 1, 2, 3

from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def timer():
  import time
  start = time.time()
  try:
      yield
  finally:
      end = time.time()
      print(f"Time taken: {end - start:.4f} seconds")

# Usage
with timer():
  # Some time-consuming operation
  sum(range(1000000))